Psychology studies the activities of individual .The science of human
behaviors is actually a group of sciences .On one side we find psychology
investigating the organs and cells that do the work of the organism ,and the
other side we see the social sciences studying nations and groups of
mankind. There is room for a middle science that shall focus its attention on
the individual. That middle science is psychology. Psychology studies the
individual's activities through-out his span of life, from the beginning before
birth, up through the end of life .During this life history, the Man remains
the same individual, although his behavior shows continuity along whit
many changes. Psychology
Compares children and adults ,the normal and the abnormal and the human
and the animal. It is interested in the differences between one individual and
another, and still more interested, if possible, in the general laws of activity
including event of very different individuals-laws, for example, of growth
learning, thinking and emotion. Psychology can be defined as the science of
the individual's activities.
The word "activity" is used here in a broad sense .It includes not only
motor activities like walking and speaking but also cognitive (knowledgegetting)
activities like seeing ,hearing ,remembering ,thinking ,and other
emotional activities like laughing and crying, or feeling happy or sad. These
last may seem passive, because they are activities, for they depend on the
life of the organism .Any manifestation of life can be called an activity .No
matter how passive an individual may seem to himself in watching a game
or listening to music, he is really carrying on an activity. The only way to be
completely in active is to be dead.
Exercise 1
1.What is psychology?
Psychology is the social sciences studying nations and groups of mankind, especially of human behaviors.
2.Name some individual activities?
listening, writting, speaking, running
3.give examples of motor, cognitive, and emotional activities?
motor activities like walking and speaking
cognitive activities like seeing and hearing
emotional activities like feeling happy and sad
4. is listening music a kind of activity? Why? Why not?
Yes it's. because activities is includes not only motor activities and emotional activities but also cognitive activities. like hearing.
5. what is meant by: the science of human behavior actually a group of sciences?
6. when do we call an individual completely inactive?
The only way we call an individual completely inactive is to be dead
7. The word “activity” is used in a very broad sense what does it mean?
8. what kind of activity is happening with you when you write a letter for your girl/boyfriend?
Shy and happy
9. Why do we study human behavior?
Because it helps you understand and appreciate people more.
10. what causes the differences between individuals?
Bcs peoples behaviour is different from each and every one. they had developed different mentality the method their parents has given them a method. According to the climate only people habituated to develop their mentality is differently. that is why they defer from each and every one. First of each and every one has to motivate from the inner side then they had a growth
UNIT 2
SINGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian doctor who explored the workings of
the human mind .He developed psychoanalysis, which is both a way treating
neurosis, or mental disturbances, and a theory of how the mind works.
Freud was born in Moravia, now part of Czechoslovakia. When he was
four, his family moved to Vienna, Austria. Freud entered the University of
Vienna when he was 17.One day he attended a lecture on nature. He was so
fascinated that he made up his mind to become a doctor.
Freud became interested in diseases of the mind. In 1885, he won a
fellowship to study in Paris under the guidance of a doctor, Jean Martin
Chariot, who was famous for his work on this kind of diseases. The next
year, Freud returned to Vienna, married, and began to treat diseases of the
mind.
Freud ha great insight into the human mind .He thought that every
person is born whit certain needs, he said, are unconscious - people are not a
ware of thinking a bout such needs. Freud named the part of mindcontrolling these instinctive unconscious needs the id, and said that person's
id operates to give pleasure.
Freud also said that, as we grow up from infancy, we acquire an ego, a
collection of memories and thoughts that help us deal with the word around
us. We continue to grow, and from the teaching of our family and society,
we develop a superego- a conscience. Our superego and id often push in
opposite ways .Our ego usually reduces this conflict by helping us to get
pleasure without "hurting " our conscience.
But if a person unconscious thoughts and needs are very strong, they
may cause unusual behavior, or neurosis. Freud's treatment for neurosis is
psychoanalysis (examination of the mind), a method for uncovering these
unconscious thoughts and understanding how they cause problems, Freud
thoughts that dreams - even dreams that seem to make no sense- are a very
important clue to understanding the mind.
EXERCISE
1. When was Sigmund Freud born?
He was born in 1856
2. How old did he die?
1. He died when he was 83 years old
3. What was he concerned whit?
He concerned with the workings of the human mind, so he decided to developed psychoanalysis, which is both a way treating neurosis or mental disturbances, and a theory of how the mind works.
4. When did he join University? What major did he study?
He joined university when he was 17 years old and majored in medicine.
5. Why did he want to be a doctor?
Because his attendant in a lecture on nature has made him fascinated to become a doctor
6. Who is jean martin chariot?
Jean Martin Charcot is Freud’s guide in his fellowship in Paris
7. According to Freud, food and drink are unconscious needs .Why did he
say so?
Freud said that food and drink are unconscious needs because he thought that people are not aware to think about food and drink which are certain needs that every person was born with.
8. These needs, he sad, are unconscious - people are no aware of thinking about such needs. What does "dash" (-)" mean?
It means to explain what unconscious is.
9. Mention the examples of conscious needs and don't forget to explain
each?
The examples of conscious needs:
Conscious needs there when a child has grown up to be adult. He/she has a moral that makes him/her feels guilty after he/she did free sex
.
10. What do id, ego, and superego mean? Explain by giving examples of
each?
- Id : called Unconscious, the part of mind controlling these instinctive unconscious needs
Example: a child’s needs (such foods and drinks) has to be completed
- Ego : subconscious, a collection of memories and thoughts that help us deal with the word around us
Example:a child that really hungry knows that he has to wait for the lunch time to eat.
- Super ego: conscience, a rules that controls the unconscious needs
Example: social rules from the teaching of family and society
ON BEING SHY
How I Wish I Weren't Shy !
Preview the topic
READING
How many times have you felt angry whit your self because you were too
shy to speak up when you really wanted to have to conversation whit others
person ? Are parties times for standing in the corner and watching others
chat and dance - afraid to join them ? Do you listen to discussions but do
not give your opinions because you think you are not smart enough ? Do
you WIsh you be friendly but don't know how? All these thoughts lead to
unhappy feelings.
This kind of unhappiness comes about not because other people are
trying to hurt us. We make this unhappiness for ourselves . Naturally we
really don't to hurt ourselves, but often we group up thinking we are not as
good as others- we are inferior; everyone is better, smarter, and more
interesting. These negative thoughts make us shy . Why do we do this to
ourselves? Only a psychologist can discover the reasons . It is interesting to
note that very large numbers of people are shy. There is , however good
news . If we want to get rid of shyness , it can be done.
We can help ourselves be rid of shyness. Nobody is perfect and
everybody has good qualities. Is it fair to pay attention to our imperfections
and overlook our good qualities ? Definitely not! The following suggestions
may be helpful in reducing shyness:
1. First, understand that you cannot eliminate shyness overnight. It is a
slow process that you must work in gradually .
2. Think about situations when being shy is most painful. Perhaps your
biggest problem is making small talk with a stranger at a party . In that
case , prepare yourself whit some interesting current news to talk about
The weather is a topic often used for starting conversations.
3. Getting the other person to talk about himself/ herself is a clever idea.
Many people enjoy talking about themselves - or giving their opinions.
For example, you can say something like, "I notice you like modern
jewelry; your rings are very unusual. Did you design them yourself?"
This can be the start of a friendship.
4. Whenever you begin making negative comparisons between yourself
and others , force yourself to stop doing that immediately . Take your
thoughts of yourself. Observe others and think of a compliment with
which to start a conversation with someone.
5. If you are shy at work where there are many coworkers, choose the
least intimidating person to the perhaps have coffee with or make casual small talk with.
6. Knows that if in effort to socialize sometimes is unsuccessful, it
happens to everyone now and then. Feel proud of yourself for making the
effort.
7. If you are required to give a report to a group, tell them that you feel
nervous. This feeling is quite natural , and everyone can sympathize.
Expressing that the group will make you feel better.
8. Think about your good qualities and believe that you are as good as
anyone else .... Because you are!
9. Take a course in developing self- confidence or read books on the
subject.
Life is much more enjoyable for people who are not shy.
Exercise 1
1. Is it difficult for you to ask strangers for the directions or information ?
Answer : No, because if we need some information or direction, we don’t be shy to ask strangers the information or direction.
2. Do you let others make decision for you because you are afraid to speak up ?
Answer : No, we must be brave to speak up for our self.
3. When you are with people who talk with others easily , do you wish you were able to do that ?
Answer : Yes, we wish we were able to do that. Because, we can get a motivation and try to walk with other easly.
4. In what situations do you feel Shy and uncomfortable ?
Answer : we feel shy and uncomfortable if we do something wrong and we are in distressed situations.
UNIT 5
children tend to be popularity conscious. But when these words were
addressed to a school principal by an 8-year Old boy in Florida whose
classmate had accused him of stealing from the teacher's purse, it was a
danger signal. The boy vowed that he would never return to school and he
never did. Two days later, he hanged him self by a belt from the top rail of
his bunk bed.
Fortunately, depressed children rarely go to such lengths, though suicide
among young people is on the increase. How can we tell the difference
between a harmless period of the "blues" (which we all experience at times)
and a major affective disorder that is, a disorder of mood? The basic
symptoms of an affective disorder are similar from childhood, by some
features are age-specific 9dsm Ill-r, 1987).
Friendlessness is only one sign of childhood depression. This
disorder is also characterized by inability to have fun or to concentrate, and
by and absence of normal emotional reactions. Depressed children are
frequently tired, extremely active, or inactive. They walk very little, cry a
great deal, have trouble concentrating, sleep to much or too little, lose their
appetite, start doing poorly in school, look unhappy, complain of physical
ailments, feel overwhelmingly guilty, suffer severe separation anxiety
(which may take the form of the school phobia), or think often about death
or suicide. Any four or five of these symptoms may support a diagnosis of
depression, especially when they represent a marked change from the child's
usual pattern. Parents do not always recognize "minor" problems like sleep
disturbances, loss of appetite, and irritability as signs of depression, but
children themselves are often able to describe how they feel.
No one is sure of the exact cause of depression in children or adults.
There is some evidence for a biochemical predisposition, which may be
triggered by specific experiences. Depression school age-children are
children likely to lack social and academic competence, but it is not clear
Whether incompetence causes depression or vice versa. The parents or
depressed children are more likely to be depressed themselves, suggesting a
possible genetic factor, a reflection of general stress in ill families, or the
result of poor parenting practices by disturbed parents.
1.what happens when 5 years old children say "nobody likes me"?
they will come and tell to their parents
2.what happens when 10 years old children say "nobody likes me"?
actually they will afraid to going to school to see their friends
3. what the children do when they get depression?
the children will get stress and probably they will suicide them self
4.why do the childrenget depression?
when they feel friendlessness because they got accused by their friends
5.when the children are accused by their friends,will they get depression?
they will cause deep inside their heart or their mentality wont accept it. they are just 5 years old
6.what is the symptom of childhood depression?
they are getting passive to do something.
7.what happens to the parents when their children get depression?
they try to help their child to give them a good advices
UNIT 7
THE FAMILY AND PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
The family that Vicky and Jason grow up in is probably the largest single influence on their development. Were their births planned and welcome? How old were their parents? How well do the personalities of parents and child mesh? Are the parents healty? Are they wealthy or poor? How many people live at home? Influence travels in the other direction too. Children also effect their parent in untold ways, transforming parents day-to-day moods, priorities and plans for the future-even a marriage it self.
Family life for both Vicky and Jason is quite different from what it would have been a century ago, and family life is likely to change even more in the future. A child growing up today is likely to have only one sibling, a mother who works outside the home, and a father who is more involved in his children’s lives than his own father was; and to receive a considerable amount of daily care from non relatives, first in caregiver’s home or day care center and than at preschool. Today’s children have a 40 percent chance of spending part of their childhood with only one parent’s probably the mother and probably because of divorce.
These changes have revolutionized the study of socialization how children learn the behaviors their culture considers appropriate. In the past, most reseacrhes focused on mothers and their children, but now researches are studying the bounds between children and their fathers, their brothers and sisters, their grandparents, and other caregiver’s.
Another fascinating trend in research is the focus on the entire family. How does Ellen and Charles’ marital relationship affect the relationship that each spouse has with Vicky? Do Julia and Jess differently with Jason when either one is alone with him yielded provocative findings. For example, when both parents are parents and talking to each other, they pay less attention to their child. In some families, the spouses closeness to each other detract their ability to be close to their children; in others the parenting experience strengthens the marriage tie. By looking at the family as a unit, we get a fuller picture of the web relationships among family members.
Glossary
Mesh : menghubungkan
Moods : suasana hati
Personalities : kepribadian
Considerable : banyak/besar
Sibling : saudara
Non realtives : tidak ada hubungan kekerabatan
Caregiver : pengasuh anak
Preschool : masa sebelum sekolah
Childhood : masa anak-anak
Divorce : perceraian, bercerai
Attention : perhatian
Spouse : suami/istri
Detract : mengurangi
Socialization : pemasyarakatan
Behavior : tingkah laku
Tie : mengikat, ikatan
Influence : pengaruh
Probably : mungkin
Century : Abad
Appropriate : Sesuai/tepat
Involved : melibatkan
Researches : penelitian
Bounds : batas
Fascinating : menarik
Entire : keseluruhan
Yielded : menghasilkan
Among : diantara
Exercise 1
Answer the following question
1. 1. Is there any relationship between the family and personality development?
Yes there is. Because family is the first place to develop our personality.
2. 2. What factors influence the children development?
Method of parents educate their children and children environment.
3. 3.What are the roles of parents for their children?
To give their children a good education and help to develop their children personality.
4. 4. What are the differences between the ancient and the recent family life?
The recent family life study of socialization how children learn the behaviors their culture considers appropriate. But, in the past most researches focused on mother, and their children, but now researches are studying the bounds between children and their father, their brothers and sisters, their grandparents, and other caregiver’s.
5. 5.Why can the spouses closeness lessen their ability to be close to children?
Because of when both parents are talking to each other, they pay less attention to their child. It may detract their ability to be close to their children. In others the parenting experience strengthens the marriage tie.
